Canine Parvovirus Infection (CPV) is an acute viral disease which can easily be transmitted to susceptible dogs. The virus which causes the infections has a predilection for attacking cells particularly those lining the digestive tract.
Before the vaccine for Parvovirus was discovered, the number of dogs affected and the mortality statistics were at an all-time high. Although many dog owners are making sure that there dogs are protected from this highly contagious disease, there are still places where parvovirus infection threatens the lives of unprotected dogs.
Among the different age groups, mortality is highest among puppies between 6 weeks to 6 months old because their immune systems are not yet fully developed. Although they are undergoing vaccination during this time, their body still needs time to produce enough antibodies to mount a strong immune response against the viral infection.
Dogs which are suffering from CPV infection are highly susceptible to secondary bacterial infections which can contribute to its severity.
Disease Transmission
The virus that causes Parvo in dogs is shed in the infected dog's stool in large numbers for weeks following the infection. A dog can acquire the infection via ingestion or contact with infected feces.
Among the different dog breeds, Doberman Pinschers and Rottweilers, Labrador retrievers, Pit Bulls, and German Shepherds appear to be more prone to getting infected by Canine Parvovirus.
Symptoms of Parvovirus Infection in Dogs
There are two forms of CPV infection which have been documented in dogs-the intestinal form and cardiac form. Between the two, the intestinal form is much more common.
The major clinical signs associated with the intestinal form of the disease include bloody diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite, low body temperature, and severe dehydration. When left undiagnosed and untreated during the early phase of the disease, the affected dog will become dehydrated. As the virus attacks the cells of the gastrointestinal tract, the dog becomes weak from lack of fluid and nutrient absorption.
Diagnosis
A dog which is exhibiting signs of the infection should be brought immediately to the veterinarian. Dehydration should immediately be corrected for it can be life-threatening. Aside from the typical clinical signs, your vet may ask you about the dog's history including its vaccination records. Specific biochemical tests, x-rays and ultrasound of the abdomen, and urine analysis may be prescribed. Your dog's stool and vomit will also be examined for the presence of the virus.
Treatment Regimen
The intensive treatment regimen is designed to address and protect the dog from possible secondary bacterial infections.
The continual loss of blood, proteins, electrolytes and body fluids can kill an infected dog thus intravenous infusion of fluids and electrolytes is very important. Medications to stop the vomiting, treat diarrhea, and antibiotics are also part of the line of treatment for CPV infection.
Prevention
The best way to protect your dog against Canine Parvovirus infection is to follow the recommended protocol for vaccination. Puppies should start vaccination at six weeks old, followed by another shot at nine weeks and another at twelve weeks old. While they are still undergoing vaccination, exposure to other dogs should be kept at a minimum to ensure that they do not acquire the disease while their immune system is still busy making antibodies against Canine Parvovirus.
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